what are the colors of the visible light spectrum from highest frequency to lowest frequency

Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye

"Colour spectrum" redirects here. For The Dear Hunter album, see The Colour Spectrum.

Laser beams with visible spectrum

The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or merely light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from near 380 to near 750 nanometers.^[i] In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 400–790 terahertz. These boundaries are non sharply defined and may vary per individual.^[2] Under optimal conditions these limits of human perception can extend to 310 nm (ultraviolet) and 1100 nm (well-nigh infrared).^{[three] [4]} The optical spectrum is sometimes considered to be the aforementioned as the visible spectrum, but some authors define the term more broadly, to include the ultraviolet and infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum also.^[v]

The spectrum does not contain all the colors that the human visual system can distinguish. Unsaturated colors such as pinkish, or purple variations like magenta, for example, are absent because they can just exist made from a mix of multiple wavelengths. Colors containing only one wavelength are as well called pure colors or spectral colors.

Visible wavelengths pass largely unattenuated through the World's atmosphere via the "optical window" region of the electromagnetic spectrum. An case of this phenomenon is when clean air scatters blueish light more than carmine light, and so the midday sky appears bluish (apart from the expanse around the sun which appears white considering the light is not scattered as much). The optical window is also referred to as the "visible window" because information technology overlaps the human visible response spectrum. The near infrared (NIR) window lies just out of the human vision, every bit well equally the medium wavelength infrared (MWIR) window, and the long-wavelength or far-infrared (LWIR or FIR) window, although other animals may experience them.

History [edit]

Newton's colour circle, from Opticks of 1704, showing the colors he associated with musical notes. The spectral colors from red to violet are divided by the notes of the musical scale, starting at D. The circle completes a total octave, from D to D. Newton'south circle places red, at 1 end of the spectrum, next to violet, at the other. This reflects the fact that non-spectral purple colors are observed when red and violet light are mixed.

In the 13th century, Roger Bacon theorized that rainbows were produced by a similar procedure to the passage of light through glass or crystal.^[6]

In the 17th century, Isaac Newton discovered that prisms could disassemble and reassemble white light, and described the miracle in his book Opticks. He was the first to utilise the word spectrum (Latin for "advent" or "apparition") in this sense in impress in 1671 in describing his experiments in optics. Newton observed that, when a narrow beam of sunlight strikes the face up of a glass prism at an angle, some is reflected and some of the beam passes into and through the glass, emerging every bit unlike-colored bands. Newton hypothesized light to be made up of "corpuscles" (particles) of different colors, with the different colors of low-cal moving at different speeds in transparent thing, crimson light moving more than quickly than violet in glass. The result is that red light is bent (refracted) less sharply than violet as it passes through the prism, creating a spectrum of colors.

Newton originally divided the spectrum into half-dozen named colors: cerise, orange, xanthous, green, blueish, and violet. He later added indigo as the seventh color since he believed that vii was a perfect number every bit derived from the ancient Greek sophists, of there being a connection between the colors, the musical notes, the known objects in the Solar Arrangement, and the days of the week.^[7] The human eye is relatively insensitive to indigo's frequencies, and some people who have otherwise-good vision cannot distinguish indigo from bluish and violet. For this reason, some later commentators, including Isaac Asimov,^[viii] accept suggested that indigo should non be regarded as a color in its ain correct just only as a shade of blue or violet. Evidence indicates that what Newton meant by "indigo" and "blue" does not represent to the modern meanings of those color words. Comparing Newton's observation of prismatic colors to a colour paradigm of the visible low-cal spectrum shows that "indigo" corresponds to what is today chosen blue, whereas his "blueish" corresponds to cyan.^{[9] [ten] [11]}

In the 18th century, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote about optical spectra in his Theory of Colours. Goethe used the word spectrum (Spektrum) to designate a ghostly optical afterimage, as did Schopenhauer in On Vision and Colors. Goethe argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon. Where Newton narrowed the beam of low-cal to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that a wider discontinuity produces not a spectrum but rather reddish-yellow and blue-cyan edges with white between them. The spectrum appears just when these edges are close plenty to overlap.

In the early 19th century, the concept of the visible spectrum became more definite, as low-cal outside the visible range was discovered and characterized by William Herschel (infrared) and Johann Wilhelm Ritter (ultraviolet), Thomas Young, Thomas Johann Seebeck, and others.^[12] Young was the starting time to measure the wavelengths of different colors of low-cal, in 1802.^[13]

The connection betwixt the visible spectrum and colour vision was explored by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz in the early 19th century. Their theory of colour vision correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive colour.

Color perception beyond species [edit]

Many species can see light within frequencies outside the man "visible spectrum". Bees and many other insects tin can observe ultraviolet light, which helps them detect nectar in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their advent in ultraviolet lite rather than how colorful they appear to humans. Birds, too, can see into the ultraviolet (300–400 nm), and some have sex activity-dependent markings on their plume that are visible only in the ultraviolet range.^{[fourteen] [15]} Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range cannot come across red light or whatsoever other scarlet wavelengths. Bees' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm, just earlier the orange wavelengths starting time.^[16] Birds can meet some cerise wavelengths, although not every bit far into the light spectrum as humans.^[17] The popular conventionalities that the mutual goldfish is the but fauna that tin see both infrared and ultraviolet light^[xviii] is incorrect, because goldfish cannot see infrared light.^[nineteen]

Most mammals are dichromatic, and dogs and horses are often thought to be color blind. They take been shown to be sensitive to colors, though not as many as humans.^[twenty] Some snakes can "see"^[21] radiant heat at wavelengths between 5 and 30 μm to a degree of accuracy such that a blind rattlesnake can target vulnerable body parts of the prey at which it strikes,^[22] and other snakes with the organ may discover warm bodies from a meter abroad.^[23] It may likewise exist used in thermoregulation and predator detection.^{[24] [25]} (See Infrared sensing in snakes)

Spectral colors [edit]

Color	Wavelength (nm)	Frequency (THz)	Photon energy (eV)
violet	380–450	670–790	2.75–iii.26
blue	450–485	620–670	ii.56–2.75
cyan	485–500	600–620	ii.48–ii.56
greenish	500–565	530–600	ii.19–ii.48
yellow	565–590	510–530	2.10–2.19
orangish	590–625	480–510	ane.98–ii.10
red	625–750	400–480	ane.65–i.98

Colors that can be produced by visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths (monochromatic light) are called pure spectral colors. The various color ranges indicated in the illustration are an approximation: The spectrum is continuous, with no clear boundaries betwixt one colour and the side by side.^[26]

Color display spectrum [edit]

Approximation of spectral colors on a display results in somewhat distorted chromaticity

A rendering of the visible spectrum on a gray groundwork produces non-spectral mixtures of pure spectrum with gray, which fit into the sRGB color space.

Color displays (e.1000. computer monitors and televisions) cannot reproduce all colors discernible by a man eye. Colors exterior the color gamut of the device, such every bit almost spectral colors, tin only be approximated. For color-accurate reproduction, a spectrum can exist projected onto a uniform gray field. The resulting mixed colors can have all their R, M, B coordinates non-negative, and then can be reproduced without distortion. This accurately simulates looking at a spectrum on a gray background.^[27]

Spectroscopy [edit]

Globe'south atmosphere partially or totally blocks some wavelengths of electromagnetic radiations, but in visible lite information technology is mostly transparent

Spectroscopy is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit, absorb or reverberate. Visible-low-cal spectroscopy is an important tool in astronomy (as is spectroscopy at other wavelengths), where scientists utilise it to analyze the properties of distant objects. Chemical elements and pocket-sized molecules can be detected in astronomical objects by observing emission lines and assimilation lines. For example, Helium was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the sun. The shift in frequency of spectral lines is used to measure the Doppler shift (redshift or blueshift) of afar objects to determine their velocities towards or away from the observer. Astronomical spectroscopy uses high-dispersion diffraction gratings to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions.

Properties [edit]

Rut [edit]

Although non-visible infrared low-cal is more usually thought of every bit "estrus radiation",^[28] whatever frequency of lite, including visible low-cal, volition rut surfaces that absorb them. A powerful source of purely visible calorie-free, such as a visible light laser, can char paper.

Biological effects [edit]

Loftier-energy visible light (HEV light) (violet/blueish lite, with a wavelength of 400-450 nm)^[29] has a number of biological effects, especially on the eye. Studies by Harvard Health Publishing and France'south ANSES plant that exposure to blue lite has a negative effect on sleep and tin can atomic number 82 to impaired vision.^{[30] [31]}

See likewise [edit]

• Loftier-free energy visible light
• Electromagnetic absorption by water

References [edit]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum

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